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Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis, or anaphylactic reaction is a sudden, widespread, potentially severe, and life threatening allergic reaction to virtually any allergen. Foods, certain medicines, allergy injections, and insect sting are the most common causes of anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis does not usually occur the first time a person is exposed to something to which they are allergic. With subsequent exposure to such an allergen, however, a person may develop anaphylaxis.
There are a number of foods that can cause anaphylaxis, the most common of which are peanuts, other tree nuts, seafood, eggs, milk, soy products, and wheat. Insect stings from bees and wasps may also prompt anaphylaxis in some individuals. Less frequently, anaphylaxis is induced by vaccine components, allergy shots, and latex.
There are a number of medications that also cause anaphylaxis. Antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporin, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and vancomycin can produce anaphylaxis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, naproxen, Vioxx, Bextra, and Celebrex, can also cause anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis may also develop with use of anesthetics and opioid analgesics.
When anaphylaxis is caused by a food, the skin and respiratory symptoms are typically most prevalent, while insect venom and drug induced anaphylaxis produces shock. Many systems are often involved in an anaphylactic reaction. Anaphylaxis usually begins one to fifteen minutes after exposure to an allergen, though it can take longer for the reaction to develop. A rapid onset and progression of anaphylaxis typically indicates a severe and life threatening reaction.
Skin symptoms occur in more than 85 percent of anaphylaxis cases. Itching, hives, rash, swelling, and hot-feeling skin are all possible dermal symptoms of anaphylaxis. Respiratory symptoms develop in the majority of anaphylaxis cases and may include shortness of breath, cough, wheeze, sneeze, nasal congestion, throat tightness, swollen lips and tongue, and the like. Chest pains, irregular or rapid heart rate, and low blood pressure are cardiovascular symptoms of anaphylaxis. Stomach cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, and nausea are gastrointestinal symptoms of anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis can also cause a person to collapse, lose consciousness, and have seizures.When anaphylaxis develops, prompt and effective diagnosis and treatment is crucial to a favorable prognosis. Emergency anaphylaxis treatment requires stabilizing a patient's airways, breathing and circulation. When the patient presents with shock, trouble breathing, or respiratory swelling, intramuscular adrenaline (epinephrine) can be administered. This treatment is followed by antihistamines and/or corticosteroids.
The best treatment for anaphylaxis is prevention. Individuals with a known allergy to particular stimuli should take every precaution to avoid such triggers. These patients may also wear an identifying medical bracelet and carry an emergency kit, containing an "epipen" and antihistamines, should anaphylaxis occur.
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