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Depressive disorders
At any given time in a year, nearly 19 million Americans suffer from depressive disorders. Depressive disorders, also called mood disorders or affective disorders, can range from bothersome to debilitating and may last a short time or occur throughout a person's life. Depressive disorders- such as major depression, dysthymia, and bipolar disorder/manic depression- affect a person's moods to varying degrees.
It is normal for all individuals to experience both joy and sadness throughout their lives as a healthy response to external stimuli and their subsequent internal reactions. People that suffer from depressive disorders do not experience these emotions as a healthy person would. Depressive disorders may cause prolonged or excessive emotions on one range of the mood spectrum (extreme sadness or elation) or may vacillate between the two extremes.
Depressive disorders often seriously disrupt a person's life, making daily activities and personal relationships arduous or nearly impossible. These disorders can affect the way a person thinks, eats, sleeps, feels, and functions. Depressive disorders are not the sign of personal weakness which can be willed better. Medical and psychological interventions are often necessary to treat those with depressive disorders.
The symptoms of depressive disorders can include depressive symptoms and/or manic symptoms. Depressive symptoms can include: feelings of hopelessness and pessimism, persistently sad, anxious, or empty mood, changes in sleep patterns, changes in appetite and eating, thoughts of death or suicide, restlessness, irritability, difficulty thinking and concentrating, decreased energy, loss of interest in activities that were once pleasurable, and persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to treatment. Symptoms of mania, which may be off-set by periods of depression (such as in bipolar disorder) include: irritability, excessive joy and elation, reduced sleep, increased energy, poor judgment, increased talking, racing thoughts, grand notions, inappropriate social behavior. Without treatment mania can often worsen one's psychotic state.
The causes of depressive disorders are complex: it is often difficult to pinpoint the exact reason that an individual has developed their condition. There may be a genetic component that predisposes some people to depressive disorders with certain life experiences. Pessimistic people and those with low self esteem are also prone to depressive disorders. Medical conditions such as stroke, heart attack, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and hormonal disorders have also been associated with depressive disorders.
There are a multitude of drugs which can also cause depressive disorders. The following is an inconclusive list of drugs which can cause depressive disorders: alcohol, cocaine, barbiturates, corticosteroids, birth control pills, HRTs, amphetamines (Ritalin, Adderol), opioids, anti-convulsants, anti-cholinergics, beta-blocking drugs, sulfonamides, benztropine, and much more. Many drugs that are intended to treat the symptoms of depressive disorders, including MAO Inhibitors, tricyclic medications, and SSRI antidepressants, actually cause or worsen the symptoms of depressive disorders.
Diagnosing depressive disorders is not often simple. A physical examination and a thorough psychological evaluation can help medical professionals correctly diagnose depressive disorders. A good evaluation will include a complete history of a patient's symptoms, drug and alcohol use, family medical history, medication use, and more.
There are many medications which are available to treat depressive disorders. As previously stated, some of these medications can actually worsen a patient's symptoms. Because of potential side effects, use of these drugs may not be appropriate or safe for some individuals with depressive disorders. Individual or group psychotherapy can also improve the symptoms of depressive disorders. There are additional treatments which have been used throughout time and may improve a patient's condition.
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