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Neuropathy
Neuropathy is the broad term used to describe disorders of the nerves. Peripheral neuropathy is a condition whereby the peripheral nerves suffer damage or malfunction. Neuropathy can affect just one area of the body (mononeuropathy), the same area on both sides of the body (symmetric neuropathy), or multiple areas of the body (polyneuropathy). Neuropathy may be acute or chronic and affect the motor, sensory, and/or autonomic nerves. Any part of the nerve can be damaged, though the axon is the most common site of injury above the dendrites and the cell body.
It is estimated that approximately 60 million people in the United States suffer from neuropathy. Sixty percent of all those living with diabetes also have some form and severity of neuropathy. While the cause of neuropathy is often unknown, there are many conditions that are associated with this neural condition. Medical diseases such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, AIDS/HIV, arthritis, cancer, and auto-immune conditions can cause neuropathy. Poor nutrition or an imbalance of B-vitamin intake (too much B6: too little B12) may also contribute to neuropathy. Exposure to toxic substances like lead, mercury, and carbon monoxide, can also cause a person to develop neuropathy.
There are a number of drugs which can also cause neuropathy. The anti-convulsant drug phenytoin and antibiotics such as sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, and phenicol may also cause neuropathy in an individual. Drugs that fight cancer, infections, HIV, and high cholesterol have also been known to cause neuropathy. Heart and blood pressure medications, some skin condition treatments, anti-alcohol drugs, and arsenic can also cause neuropathy.
The symptoms of neuropathy depend on the nerves that are affected. Symptoms of neuropathy typically begin in the feet and the legs and travel to the upper extremities. Weakness, pins and needles sensation, burning pain, loss of sense of position (where your arms and legs are), and/or complete loss of sensation may all be symptoms of neuropathy. Because of these symptoms, a patient's walking and standing may become unsteady. Muscles often go without use in some patients with neuropathy, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. Symptoms often tend to be worse at night, with touch, and after changes in temperature. When autonomic nerves are affected, a patient may also experience constipation, loss of bladder and bowel control, sexual dysfunction, fluxuations in blood pressure, pale dry skin, decreased sweating, and respiratory problems.
Diagnosis of neuropathy is usually made after a physician has identified the symptoms and conducted a thorough physical examination. It is pertinent to determine the cause of neuropathy as well, in order to determine the correct course of treatment. When medication is the cause of neuropathy, terminating treatment as advised by your physician may improve symptoms. Physical therapy can sometimes improve muscle weakness associated with neuropathy. The treatment for this condition is largely dependant on its underlying cause.
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